Onani Chithunzi Chachikulu
Mpweya womwe umathaŵa ndi mpweya wosasunthika womwe umachokera ku ma valve opanikizika.Kutulutsa kumeneku kumatha kuchitika mwangozi, kudzera mu nthunzi kapena chifukwa cha mavavu olakwika.
Kutulutsa mpweya kosatha kumangowononga anthu ndi chilengedwe komanso kumawopseza phindu.Anthu akamakumana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimawonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali, amatha kudwala kwambiri.Izi zikuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito m'zomera zina kapena anthu okhala pafupi.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka zambiri za momwe mpweya wothawathawa unachitikira.Izi zidzathetsanso mayesero a API komanso zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse zotsatira za zovuta zowonongeka.
Magwero a Zotulutsa Zosatha
Mavavu Ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Kutulutsa Kosatha
Ma valve a mafakitale ndi zigawo zake, nthawi zambiri, ndizomwe zimayambitsa mpweya wothawa mafakitale.Ma valve ozungulira monga globe ndi ma valve a pachipata ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma valve omwe amakhala ndi chikhalidwe cha theis.
Ma valve awa amagwiritsa ntchito tsinde lokwera kapena lozungulira potseka ndi kutseka.Njirazi zimapanga kukangana kwakukulu.Kuphatikiza apo, zolumikizira zolumikizidwa ndi ma gaskets ndi makina onyamula ndizomwe zimapangidwira komwe kutulutsa kotereku kumachitika.
Komabe, chifukwa ma valve ozungulira amakhala otsika mtengo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa mitundu ina ya ma valve.Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma valve awa akhale otsutsana pokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Zitsanzo za Vavu Zimathandizira Kutulutsa Utoto Wothawa
Kutulutsa kotuluka m'ma valve ndi pafupifupi 60% ya mpweya wonse woperekedwa ndi mafakitale ena.Izi zidaphatikizidwa mu kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi University of British Columbia.Chiwerengero chonse cha ma valve chimachokera ku chiwerengero chachikulu chotchulidwa mu phunziroli.
Ma Valve Packing Atha Kuthandiziranso Kutulutsa Zosatha
Kuvuta kulamulira mpweya wothawa kumene kumagonanso pakulongedza.Ngakhale zonyamula zambiri zimatsatira ndikudutsa API Standard 622 panthawi yoyesedwa, ambiri amalephera munthawi yeniyeni.Chifukwa chiyani?Kunyamula kumapangidwa mosiyana ndi thupi la valve.
Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana pang'ono mu miyeso pakati pa kulongedza ndi valve.Izi zitha kuyambitsa kutayikira.Zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pambali pa miyeso ndizokwanira komanso kumaliza kwa valve.
Njira Zina za Petroleum Ndiwo Olakwa
Kutulutsa mpweya wothawa kwawo sikumangochitika panthawi yokonza mpweya m'mafakitale.M'malo mwake, kutulutsa mpweya wothawathawa kumachitika m'njira zonse zopanga gasi.
Malinga ndi buku la A Close Look at Fugitive Methane Emissions from Natural Gas, “utsi wochokera ku gasi wopangidwa ndi chilengedwe umakhala wochuluka ndipo umachitika pamlingo uliwonse wa moyo wa gasi wachilengedwe, kuyambira pakupangidwa isanakwane mpaka kupanga, kukonza, kutumiza, ndi kugawa.”
Kodi Miyezo Yachindunji ya API ya Industrial Fugitive Emissions ndi iti?
American Petroleum Institute (API) ndi imodzi mwamabungwe olamulira omwe amapereka miyezo yamafakitale amafuta achilengedwe ndi gasi.Kukhazikitsidwa mu 1919, miyezo ya API ndi imodzi mwamawu otsogola pa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi mafakitale a petrochemical.Ndi miyezo yopitilira 700, API yapereka posachedwa miyeso yeniyeni yautsi wothawirako womwe umalumikizidwa ndi ma valve ndi mapaketi ake.
Ngakhale pali kuyesa komwe kulipo, miyezo yovomerezeka kwambiri yoyesera ndi yomwe ili pansi pa API.Nawa mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane a API 622, API 624 ndi API 641.
API 622
Izi zimatchedwa API 622 Type Testing of Process Valve Packing for Fugitive Emissions
Uwu ndiye mulingo wa API wamavavu akulongedza mavavu akuzimitsa ndi tsinde lokwera kapena lozungulira.
Izi zimatsimikizira ngati kulongedzako kungalepheretse kutulutsa mpweya.Pali mbali zinayi zowunikidwa:
1. Kodi kuchuluka kwa kutayikira
2. Kodi valavu imalimbana bwanji ndi dzimbiri
3. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula
4. Kodi kuwunika kwa okosijeni ndi chiyani
Mayesowa, omwe adasindikizidwa posachedwa mu 2011 ndipo akuwunikiridwabe, akuphatikiza ma 1,510 makina ozungulira okhala ndi ma 5000F ambient ambient cycle ndi 600 psig operation.
Kuzungulira kwamakina kumatanthauza kutseguka kwathunthu mpaka kutseka kwathunthu kwa valve.Pakadali pano, kutayikira kwa gasi woyeserera kumawunikiridwa pakapita nthawi.
Chimodzi mwazosinthidwa zaposachedwa pa Mayeso a API 622 ndi nkhani ya mavavu a API 602 ndi 603.Mavavuwa ali ndi valavu yopapatiza ndipo nthawi zambiri amalephera mayeso a API 622.Kutayikira kovomerezeka ndi magawo 500 pa miliyoni miliyoni (ppmv).
API 624
Izi zimatchedwa API 624 Type Testing of Rising Stem Valve Yokhala ndi Flexible Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emissions Standard.Muyezo uwu ndi zomwe zimafunikira pakuyezetsa mpweya wothawathawa pazitsulo zokwera komanso zozungulira.Ma valve tsinde awa ayenera kuphatikiza kulongedza komwe kwadutsa kale API Standard 622.
Ma valve tsinde omwe akuyesedwa ayenera kugwera mkati mwa 100 ppmv yovomerezeka.Chifukwa chake, API 624 ili ndi ma 310 makina ozungulira ndi ma 5000F ozungulira atatu.Zindikirani, mavavu opitilira NPS 24 kapena opitilira kalasi 1500 samaphatikizidwa muyeso yoyesera ya API 624.
Kuyesedwa ndikolephera ngati kutayikira kwa tsinde kupitilira 100 ppmv.Valve ya tsinde siyiloledwa kuti igwirizane ndi kutayikira panthawi yoyesera.
API 641
Izi zimatchedwa API 624 Quarter Turn Valve FE Test.Uwu ndiye mulingo watsopano wopangidwa ndi API womwe umaphimba ma valve a banja la quarter turn valve.Chimodzi mwazogwirizana za muyezo uwu ndi kuchuluka kwa 100 ppmv pakutha kutayikira kovomerezeka.Wina wokhazikika ndi API 641 ndi kuzungulira kwa 610 kotala.
Kwa ma valve otembenuza kotala okhala ndi graphite packing, ayenera kudutsa kuyesa kwa API 622 poyamba.Komabe, ngati kulongedzako kukuphatikizidwa mumiyezo ya API 622, izi zitha kuyimitsa kuyesa kwa API 622.Chitsanzo ndi paketi yonyamula yopangidwa ndi PTFE.
Mavavu amayesedwa pamlingo waukulu: 600 psig.Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha, pali mitundu iwiri ya mavoti omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwa valve:
● Mavavu omwe adavotera kuposa 5000F
● Mavavu omwe ali pansi pa 5000F
API 622 vs API 624
Pakhoza kukhala chisokonezo pakati pa API 622 ndi API 624. Mu gawo ili, zindikirani kusiyana kochepa pakati pa ziwirizi.
● Chiwerengero cha makina ozungulira omwe akukhudzidwa
● API 622 YOKHA imakhudza kulongedza katundu;pomwe, API 624 imaphatikizapo valavu KUPHATIKIRA kulongedza
● Kutayikira kovomerezeka (500 ppmv kwa API 622 ndi 100 ppmv kwa 624)
● Kusintha kovomerezeka kwa manambala (imodzi ya API 622 ndipo palibe ya API 624)
Momwe Mungachepetsere Kutulutsa Kwamafuta Kumafakitale
Kutulutsa kothawirako kungalephereke kuti muchepetse kutulutsa kwa ma valve ku chilengedwe.
#1 Sinthani Mavavu Akale
Mavavu akusintha nthawi zonse.Onetsetsani kuti ma valve amatsatira miyezo ndi malamulo aposachedwa.Pokhala ndi kukonza nthawi zonse ndi kuyezetsa, zimakhala zosavuta kuzindikira zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa.
#2 Kuyika Mavavu Moyenera ndi Kuwunika Kokhazikika
Kuyika mavavu molakwika kungayambitsenso kutayikira.Gwirani ntchito amisiri aluso kwambiri omwe amatha kukhazikitsa ma valve molondola.Kuyika valavu moyenera kungathenso kuzindikira dongosolo la kutuluka kotheka.Kupyolera mu kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse, ma valve omwe amatha kutuluka kapena kutsegulidwa mwangozi amatha kudziwika mosavuta.
Payenera kukhala zoyezetsa zotuluka nthawi zonse zomwe zimayesa kuchuluka kwa nthunzi wotulutsidwa ndi ma valve.Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma valve apanga mayeso apamwamba kuti azindikire kutuluka kwa ma valve:
● Njira 21
Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito chowunikira cha ionization chamoto kuyang'ana kutayikira
● Kujambula Kwambiri kwa Gasi (OGI)
Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito kamera ya infrared kuti izindikire kutayikira muzomera
● Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Izi zitha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimathawa patali.
#3 Njira Zopewera Zosamalira
Kuwunika koyang'anira kuwongolera kumatha kuzindikira zovuta ndi ma valve koyambirira.Izi zitha kuchepetsa mtengo wokonza valavu yolakwika.
N'chifukwa Chiyani Pakufunika Kuchepetsa Kutulutsa Utsi Kothaŵa?
Kutulutsa mpweya wothawathawa ndi komwe kumayambitsa kutentha kwa dziko.Zowona, pali gulu lina lomwe likuyembekeza kuchepetsa mpweya woipa.Koma pambuyo pa kuzindikirika kwake pafupifupi zaka zana chizindikirike, kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kudakali kwakukulu .
Pamene kufunikira kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi kukuchulukirachulukira, kufunikira kofunafuna njira zina m'malo mwa malasha ndi mafuta oyaka mafuta kwakhala kukukulirakulira.
Chitsime: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Methane ndi ethane ndizomwe zimawonekera kwambiri ngati njira zogwirira ntchito m'malo mwamafuta oyambira pansi ndi malasha.Zowona kuti pali kuthekera kochuluka monga zopangira mphamvu ziwirizi.Komabe, methane, makamaka, ili ndi mphamvu zotentha zochulukirapo ka 30 kuposa CO2.
Ichi ndi chifukwa cha alamu kwa onse zachilengedwe ndi mafakitale ntchito gwero.Kumbali inayi, kupewa kutulutsa ma valve kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba komanso zovomerezeka za API.
Kuchokera: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1180.pdf
Powombetsa mkota
Palibe kukayika kuti ma valve ndi zigawo zofunika za ntchito iliyonse yamakampani.Komabe, mavavu samapangidwa ngati gawo limodzi lolimba;m'malo mwake, amapangidwa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu.Miyeso ya zigawozi sizingagwirizane ndi 100%, zomwe zimayambitsa kutayikira.Kutayikiraku kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.Kupewa kutayikira koteroko ndi udindo wofunikira wa aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito ma valve.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-25-2022